International Journal on Science and Technology

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Volume 17 Issue 1
January-March 2026

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BCS Theory of Superconductivity: A Conceptual and Application-Oriented Review

Author(s) Mr. Bhaskaran P
Country India
Abstract Superconductivity is a remarkable quantum phenomenon characterized by zero electrical resistance and perfect diamagnetism below a critical temperature. A microscopic understanding of this phenomenon in conventional superconductors was achieved through the Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer (BCS) theory, which explains superconductivity in terms of electron pairing mediated by lattice vibrations. This review presents a clear, conceptual, and application-oriented discussion of superconductivity with special emphasis on the BCS theory. The fundamental properties of superconductors, including zero resistance, the Meissner effect, and critical parameters, are briefly reviewed. The key concepts of BCS theory such as electron–phonon interaction, Cooper pair formation, and the energy gap are explained in a simplified manner. The limitations of BCS theory in describing high-temperature superconductors are also discussed. Finally, important technological applications of superconductivity in medicine, power transmission, transportation, and scientific instrumentation are highlighted. This review aims to bridge the gap between mathematically intensive treatments and introductory-level explanations, making it useful for undergraduate and postgraduate students and early-career researchers.
Keywords Superconductivity; BCS theory; Cooper pairs; Meissner effect; High-temperature superconductors
Field Physics
Published In Volume 17, Issue 1, January-March 2026
Published On 2026-01-18
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