International Journal on Science and Technology

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Domestic Work and Gender Inequality: A Sociological Perspective with Focus on India

Author(s) Dr. Shyamaraja. T
Country India
Abstract Domestic work presents distinct and persistent challenges for women due to its deeply gendered nature and structural invisibility. Social norms have historically positioned domestic labour as a natural responsibility of women, resulting in an unequal division of labour within households, irrespective of women’s participation in paid employment. This work is largely unpaid and excluded from formal economic accounting, leading to its systematic undervaluation despite its essential role in sustaining households and enabling broader economic productivity. The continuous and repetitive nature of domestic tasks contributes to significant time poverty among women, particularly those who simultaneously engage in paid work, thereby creating a dual burden that intensifies physical fatigue and emotional stress. In addition to performing routine household chores, women are expected to undertake caregiving and emotional labour, which involves sustained attentiveness, empathy, and responsibility, further compounding psychological strain. Moreover, women bear a disproportionate share of cognitive labour, including planning, organizing, and managing household needs, a form of mental work that remains largely unrecognized yet significantly contributes to stress and burnout. The absence of social protection, labour rights, and institutional support for domestic work exacerbates women’s vulnerability, limiting their access to education, career advancement, leisure, and overall well-being. Collectively, these factors reinforce gender inequality by constraining women’s economic autonomy and perpetuating the intergenerational transmission of unequal gender roles.
Keywords domestic work, gender inequality, unpaid labour, India, feminist theory, cognitive labour
Field Sociology
Published In Volume 16, Issue 2, April-June 2025
Published On 2025-06-26
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