International Journal on Science and Technology

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Extended Producer Responsibility and Plastic Waste Management: Regulatory Challenges and Compliance Gaps

Author(s) Shivina Rathore
Country India
Abstract Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) has emerged as a central pillar of global strategies to address the accelerating crisis of plastic waste, shifting end-of-life management obligations from the state and municipal bodies to producers, importers, and brand owners. This paper critically examines the EPR framework for plastic waste management, with particular focus on India's regulatory architecture under the Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016, as substantially amended in 2022, and the compliance landscape that has emerged since the operationalisation of the CPCB's centralised EPR portal. Drawing on a comparative analysis of EPR models in the European Union, Germany, the United Kingdom, Japan, and the Philippines, the paper identifies the foundational principles, institutional designs, and financial mechanisms that determine EPR effectiveness. It then situates India's framework against this comparative backdrop, exposing critical compliance gaps including widespread non-registration of major polluters, systemic certificate fraud, undervaluation of recycling credits, infrastructural deficits in flexible plastic processing, and the exclusion of informal waste collectors and urban local bodies from the EPR value chain. The paper further examines how market-driven certificate trading has undermined the polluter pays principle that animates EPR regulation. It concludes with targeted recommendations for strengthening enforcement architecture, improving data integrity, integrating informal sector actors, and aligning India's EPR trajectory with its circular economy commitments under the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.
Keywords Extended Producer Responsibility, Plastic Waste Management, EPR Certificate Fraud, Circular Economy, Polluter Pays Principle.
Published In Volume 17, Issue 1, January-March 2026
Published On 2026-03-23
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