International Journal on Science and Technology

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COVID-19 Sequelae in Recovered Patients A Comprehensive Narrative Review of Post-Acute Effects, Organ Involvement, and Clinical Management

Author(s) Dr. Hridesh Singh Patel
Country India
Abstract COVID-19 recovery is not always complete at the end of the acute infection. A substantial subset of survivors develops persistent or relapsing symptoms, sometimes termed long COVID or post-COVID-19 condition. This narrative review synthesizes current evidence on the major sequelae seen in recovered
patients, with emphasis on respiratory, cardiovascular, neurological, neuropsychiatric, and pediatric manifestations. Contemporary public-health guidance defines long COVID as a chronic condition that appears after SARS-CoV-2 infection and can last for months or years, with no single diagnostic test and no universally curative therapy. Across large systematic reviews, the most common persistent symptoms include fatigue, dyspnea, cognitive dysfunction, anxiety, depression, and sleep disturbance, while organ-specific outcomes include myocardial injury, dysautonomia, interstitial lung disease, reduced exercise tolerance, and post exertional symptom worsening. Mechanistic models increasingly support a multifactorial syndrome involving viral persistence, immune dysregulation, endothelial injury, autonomic dysfunction, microvascular abnormalities, and altered gut-brain signaling. Evidence-based management remains symptom-directed and multidisciplinary, combining rehabilitation, mental health support, careful assessment for alternative diagnoses, and risk reduction through vaccination and prevention of severe acute disease. The review concludes that the sequelae of COVID-19 represent a major long-term public-health burden and that future progress depends on standardized definitions,
biomarkers, phenotype-driven care pathways, and trials of targeted therapies.
Keywords COVID-19, long COVID, post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2, rehabilitation, cardiovascular complications, neurocognitive symptoms.
Field Medical / Pharmacy
Published In Volume 17, Issue 2, April-June 2026
Published On 2026-06-06
DOI https://doi.org/10.71097/IJSAT.v17.i2.11249
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