Hook Shot Performance Under Fatigue and Defensive Constraints in Basketball

Shubham Rathi; Bijendra Jhajharia

Hook Shot Performance Under Fatigue and Defensive Constraints in Basketball

Author(s)	Mr. Shubham Rathi, Dr. Bijendra Jhajharia
Country	India
Abstract	Background: The hook shot is a fundamental offensive skill in basketball, particularly for post players, yet little research has examined how physiological fatigue and defensive pressure jointly influence its execution. Since basketball players frequently perform hook shots under physically demanding and highly contested game situations, understanding the combined effects of these constraints is essential for evidence-based coaching and performance enhancement. Purpose: This study investigated the independent and combined effects of fatigue and defensive pressure on hook shot performance among university-level basketball players. Methods: Fifty male university basketball players (18–25 years) participated in a repeated-measures experimental study. Each participant performed ten hook-shot attempts under four experimental conditions: (1) control (no fatigue and no defensive pressure), (2) defensive pressure, (3) fatigue, and (4) combined fatigue and defensive pressure. Fatigue was induced using a basketball-specific exercise protocol, while defensive pressure was standardized through an active defender contesting each shot without physical contact. Hook shot performance was evaluated using a standardized scoring system. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, repeated-measures ANOVA, and Bonferroni-adjusted post hoc comparisons at a significance level of p < .05. Results: Significant differences were observed among all four experimental conditions (F(3,147) = 158.47, p < .001, partial η² = .764). Hook shot performance was highest under the control condition (17.28 ± 1.21) and lowest under combined fatigue and defensive pressure (12.68 ± 1.91). Defensive pressure alone reduced performance by 10.65%, fatigue alone by 14.24%, whereas their combined effect resulted in a 26.62% reduction. Bonferroni post hoc analysis confirmed statistically significant differences between all experimental conditions (p < .05). Conclusion: Both fatigue and defensive pressure independently impair hook shot performance, while their combined effect produces the greatest decline in shooting efficiency. These findings support the Constraints-Led Approach by demonstrating that basketball performance is influenced by the interaction between individual and environmental constraints. Coaches should incorporate fatigue-inducing exercises and realistic defensive scenarios into basketball training to improve hook-shot performance under competitive match conditions.
Keywords	Basketball, Hook Shot, Fatigue, Defensive Pressure, Shooting Performance, Motor Performance, Constraints-Led Approach, Skill Performance and Basketball Training
Published In	Volume 17, Issue 3, July-September 2026
Published On	2026-07-03

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Hook Shot Performance Under Fatigue and Defensive Constraints in Basketball

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