International Journal on Science and Technology

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Call for Paper Volume 17 Issue 3 July-September 2026 Submit your research before last 3 days of September to publish your research paper in the issue of July-September.
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Volume 17 Issue 3
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Comparative CFD-Based Conjugate Heat Transfer Analysis of Air, Liquid, PCM, and Hybrid Cooling Strategies for a Compact 3×4 Lithium-Ion Battery Module

Author(s) Mr. SHUBHAM KUMAR, Dr. SURJEET SINGH RAJPUT
Country India
Abstract Abstract— The speedy expansion of electric vehicles (EVs) has created the need for dependable lithium-ion battery thermal management systems (BTMS), as uneven temperature distribution speeds up capacity fading and increases the chances of thermal runaway. This paper provides results from a three-dimensional conjugate heat transfer (CHT) analysis using pressure-based computational fluid dynamics (CFD) that compares thermal behaviors of 4 cooling processes, including air cooling, indirect liquid cooling (cold plates), phase change material (PCM) cooling and a hybrid liquid–PCM cooling process. All cases were done under the same geometry, mesh details and boundary conditions. From the results generated in the exercise, it's revealed that the air-cooling process is not sufficient and reaches a maximum temperature of about 48.5 °C with temperature difference of about 8.2 °C. The liquid cooling system minimizes the maximum temperature to approximately 32.1 °C with a temperature spread of about 2.4 °C._PCM cooling is beneficial in that it suppresses warming up to eventually enables the temperature rise up to phase change material’s saturation.. Based on the trade-off between thermal performance and practical feasibility, indirect liquid cooling is identified as the most viable solution for compact, high-density EV battery modules.
Keywords lithium-ion battery; battery thermal management system (BTMS); conjugate heat transfer; computational fluid dynamics; phase chan ge material; hybrid cooling; electric vehicle
Field Engineering
Published In Volume 17, Issue 3, July-September 2026
Published On 2026-07-24
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Crossref DOI prefix of IJSAT is 10.71097/IJSAT

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