Bismuth Oxide Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Properties and Emerging Applications - A Short Review

Samadhan M. Nikam; Arun V. Patil; Chandrakant G. Dighavkar

Bismuth Oxide Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Properties and Emerging Applications - A Short Review

Author(s)	Samadhan M. Nikam, Arun V. Patil, Chandrakant G. Dighavkar
Country	India
Abstract	Bismuth oxide (Bi₂O₃) nanoparticles have attracted considerable research interest because of their distinctive structural, optical, electrical, dielectric, catalytic and biological characteristics. The combination of a high refractive index, relatively narrow optical band gap, large oxygen-ion conductivity in appropriate polymorphs, high surface-to-volume ratio and tunable surface chemistry makes Bi₂O₃ an attractive functional nanomaterial for environmental, energy, sensing, optical and biomedical technologies. The properties of Bi₂O₃ strongly depend on crystal phase, particle size, morphology, synthesis conditions and surface defects. Bi₂O₃ exhibits several polymorphic structures, among which α-Bi₂O₃ is stable at room temperature, whereas β-, γ- and δ-Bi₂O₃ represent metastable or high-temperature structures under conventional conditions. Phase control therefore represents an important consideration during nanoparticle synthesis. Several synthesis approaches, including precipitation, sol–gel, hydrothermal, solvothermal, combustion, citrate-gel, microwave-assisted and green synthesis, have been reported for producing Bi₂O₃ nanoparticles with controlled particle size and morphology. Green synthesis using plant extracts and biological materials has received increasing attention because it reduces the dependence on harsh chemical reagents and provides surface-functionalized nanoparticles. Bi₂O₃ nanoparticles have demonstrated significant potential in photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants, antibacterial systems, gas sensors, electrochemical sensors, supercapacitors, batteries, dielectric materials, optical devices and biomedical technologies. This review summarizes the principal synthesis strategies, phase evolution, structural and physicochemical properties and major applications of Bi₂O₃ nanoparticles. Particular emphasis is placed on the relationship between synthesis conditions, structure, morphology and functional performance. Current challenges and future research directions related to phase stability, aggregation, reproducibility, scale-up, toxicity assessment and device integration are also discussed.
Keywords	Bismuth oxide nanoparticles; synthesis; photocatalysis; gas sensing; energy storage applications.
Published In	Volume 16, Issue 3, July-September 2025
Published On	2025-07-04

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Bismuth Oxide Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Properties and Emerging Applications - A Short Review

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