Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY): A Review of Its Genetic Basis, Clinical Features, Diagnosis, Management and Nutritional Considerations

Debalina Mukherjee; Ramkrishna Bairagya; Rounak Biswas; Sampriti Ghosh

Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY): A Review of Its Genetic Basis, Clinical Features, Diagnosis, Management and Nutritional Considerations

Author(s)	Prof. Debalina Mukherjee, Mr. Ramkrishna Bairagya, Mr. Rounak Biswas, Ms. Sampriti Ghosh
Country	India
Abstract	Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY) is a group of inherited forms of diabetes caused by changes in a single gene that affects pancreatic beta-cell function or insulin secretion. Unlike the more common forms of diabetes, MODY often develops at a younger age and may occur in several generations of the same family. Because its clinical presentation can overlap with type 1 or type 2 diabetes, many individuals remain incorrectly classified for years. Correct identification of MODY is important because different genetic forms have different patterns of blood glucose elevation, complications and responses to treatment. This review summarizes the genetic basis, major clinical characteristics, diagnosis, management and nutritional considerations of MODY. Published literature was reviewed using scientific databases and major diabetes guidelines. Particular attention was given to commonly reported forms involving the GCK, HNF1A, HNF4A and HNF1B genes, together with evidence from Indian populations. The reviewed literature indicates that genetic testing has an important role in confirming the diagnosis and selecting appropriate treatment. Some forms, such as GCK-MODY, may require little or no glucose-lowering treatment outside specific situations, whereas HNF1A-MODY and HNF4A-MODY commonly show good responses to sulfonylureas. Nutritional management remains an important part of overall diabetes care, although dietary advice should be individualized according to the specific MODY subtype, treatment and metabolic status. Greater awareness among healthcare professionals and improved access to genetic testing may help reduce misdiagnosis and support more appropriate long-term management.
Keywords	Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young, MODY, Monogenic Diabetes, Genetic Diabetes, Young-Onset Diabetes, Hereditary Diabetes, Beta-Cell Dysfunction, Insulin Secretion, Glucokinase, GCK-MODY, HNF1A-MODY, HNF4A-MODY, HNF1B-MODY, Genetic Testing, Molecular Diagnosis, Precision Medicine, Diabetes Management, Medical Nutrition Therapy, Family History, Autosomal-Dominant Inheritance.
Field	Biology > Medical / Physiology
Published In	Volume 17, Issue 4, October-December 2026
Published On	2026-10-03

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Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY): A Review of Its Genetic Basis, Clinical Features, Diagnosis, Management and Nutritional Considerations

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