International Journal on Science and Technology

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Call for Paper Volume 17 Issue 4 October-December 2026 Submit your research before last 3 days of December to publish your research paper in the issue of October-December.
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Volume 17 Issue 4
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A CFFO Watermarking Algorithm for Protecting Ownership of Software Code.

Author(s) Ms. BHARATI DEVIDAS PATIL, Prof. Dr. Monika Tripathi
Country India
Abstract Software is the core element to execute various operations in the networks, which is widely suggested for use in e-commerce, daily life and industries. Software is a kind of digital object, which faces more issues in terms of piracy and security. In some cases, digital objects as well as documents are duplicated and easily distributed to various sources cheaply. Moreover, cyber-attacks are evolving at the distribution rate and it leads to ransomware attacks, data breaches, phishing attacks, malware and crypto-jacking. Implementing software in different domains leads to different cyber-attacks. Thus, to protect the software from unauthorized modifications and piracy, different techniques are designed and implemented. Among all, software-based watermarking techniques are employed to protect the source code from unauthorized modifications through extraction and embedding watermarking algorithms. In case, the source code is hacked or modified using watermarking techniques, the source code owner can restore the source code through watermarking extraction and embedding mechanism. Software watermarking mechanism introduces a CFFO which include CBO and CFO novel identifier in the software for protecting them from theft and piracy. So, the watermark or identifiers are included in the code without affecting the functionality of the software.
Keywords CFFO,CBO,FFO
Field Engineering
Published In Volume 17, Issue 4, October-December 2026
Published On 2026-11-06
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Crossref DOI prefix of IJSAT is 10.71097/IJSAT

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