International Journal on Science and Technology

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COVID-19: Global Perspectives on a Pandemic's Evolution, Management, and Lessons Learned

Author(s) ASHISH KUMAR, PRASHANT KRISHNA, DR MOHIT GUPTA
Country India
Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has been an unprecedented global health crisis of the 21st century. First identified in late 2019 in Wuhan, China, the virus spread worldwide in early 2020, prompting the World Health Organization (WHO) to declare a Public Health Emergency of International Concern in January 2020 and a pandemic in March 2020. Over the next three years, COVID-19 caused widespread morbidity and mortality, with more than 775 million confirmed cases and over 7 million reported deaths globally (and far more by excess mortality estimates). Nations implemented extraordinary public health measures – from lockdowns and travel restrictions to mass testing and masking – to curb transmission. The pandemic overwhelmed healthcare systems, spurred a race to develop treatments and vaccines, and led to the fastest vaccine development in history, with vaccination campaigns beginning by December 2020. Beyond the direct health impact, COVID-19 precipitated severe social and economic disruptions, including the sharpest global recession since the 1930s. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the pandemic, covering the virology and origin of SARS-CoV-2, the epidemiological progression and major variants, clinical manifestations and management (including the advent of effective therapies and vaccines), public health responses, and the broad societal impacts. We also discuss the current status of COVID-19 as the acute emergency phase subsides, with the disease transitioning toward an endemic state, even as challenges like long COVID persist.
Keywords COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Pendemic's Evolution
Field Chemistry
Published In Volume 16, Issue 2, April-June 2025
Published On 2025-06-13
DOI https://doi.org/10.71097/IJSAT.v16.i2.6205
Short DOI https://doi.org/g9qqzt
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