A Survey of Optimized Merkle Tree Structures for Query Processing in Blockchain-Based HTAP Systems

Author(s)	Mr. Sagar Rajaram Mali, Dr. Dheeraj Hebri, Dr. Amolkumar N. Jadhav
Country	India
Abstract	Hybrid Transactional/Analytical Processing (HTAP) systems, which enable real-time analytics on live transactional data, can benefit significantly from blockchain technology. Incorporating features like immutability, provenance tracking, and tamper-proof storage becomes crucial as data volumes grow and systems become more decentralized. However, challenges such as high latency, limited support for range and authenticated queries, and the lack of adaptive optimization strategies persist in blockchain-based HTAP systems. Recent advancements focus on Merkle tree architectures, optimization algorithms, and hybrid indexing strategies to address these issues. Notable developments include query authentication methods, Verkle Trees, and Multi-State Merkle Patricia Tries. Additionally, bio-inspired metaheuristics, such as the Giant Armadillo Optimization (GAO), are gaining traction in overcoming performance bottlenecks. This review highlights the evolving landscape of query processing techniques and outlines future directions to enhance scalability, flexibility, and multi-query handling in blockchain-integrated HTAP platforms.
Keywords	Blockchain, HTAP, Query Optimization, Merkle Tree, Bio-Inspired Algorithms, Armadillo Optimization
Field	Engineering
Published In	Volume 16, Issue 3, July-September 2025
Published On	2025-07-05

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