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Kaal as a determinant of Health and Disease: An Ayurvedic Review

Author(s) Dr Deepali Gautam, Dr. Ram Mohan Singh Kushwah, Dr.Kartik Goel, Dr. Pradeepika
Country India
Abstract Background: Time (Kaal) is an inevitable and uncontrollable factor influencing both nature and human life. Ayurveda regards Kaal as one of the nine Karana Dravyas, attributing it a pivotal role in health preservation and disease manifestation. It is considered eternal yet dynamic, governing birth, death, physiological functions, and pathological processes.
Aim: To critically explore the influence of Kaal on the human body with special reference to Ayurvedic literature.
Objectives: To evaluate the significance of Kaal in life activities and examine its role in health and disease.
Methods: Classical Ayurvedic texts including Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita were reviewed. References were analyzed with emphasis on seasonal variations, diurnal cycles, digestion, disease causation, prognosis, and therapeutic applications of Kaal.
Results: Ayurvedic scriptures highlight that Kaal regulates Dosha dynamics in seasonal (Ritucharya) and daily (Dinacharya) cycles. It plays a role in Ahara Parinama (digestion), Ashta Ahara Vishesha Ayatana (dietary considerations), and Samprapti (pathogenesis). Kaal is also counted among Trividha Roga Hetu (threefold causes of disease), influencing prognosis (Sukhasadhya, Yapya, Asadhya) and therapeutic timing (Aushadha Kaal). In its normal aspect (Prakriti), it maintains Dosha balance, while in its abnormal state (Vikriti), it contributes to disease through Shad Kriya Kala, Akala Mrityu, and neglect of Ritucharya.
Conclusion: The Ayurvedic concept of Kaal extends beyond chronology, serving as a determinant of health and disease. Its relevance in prevention, diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy highlights its clinical significance. Correlating Ayurvedic insights with modern chronobiology and circadian rhythm research opens scope for integrative healthcare.
Keywords Kaal, Ritucharya, Aushadha Kaal.
Published In Volume 16, Issue 3, July-September 2025
Published On 2025-09-29
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