Effect of Wax Therapy On Modulating Pain in Subjects with Mild to Moderate Osteoarthritis of Knee Joint

Author(s)	Dr. Sandeep. S, Chaitra P, Deepu B, Devi Sneha, Dhanraj S. Shetty, Hanumesh, Harshitha. R, Manoj Kumar M. V, Pooja. S, Sneha Walikar, Suchetha S
Country	India
Abstract	As a matter of fact, age is the most prominent risk factor for initiation and progression of osteoarthritis. The common explanation for this is the cumulative effect of mechanical load over the years, resulting clinically in “wear and tear” and pathologically in cartilage breakdown (18) Aging also has profound effects on cellular processes notably leading to enhanced apoptosis and reduced cellular regeneration. (20) On a molecular level, aging research has revealed intrinsic changes in the structure of extracellular matrix proteins such as collagen or proteoglycans. (19) During the last decade, however, it became clearer that OA is not a purely mechanical problem. Inflammatory and metabolic processes are substantially involved in the pathogenesis and progression of OA. (18) Stiffening of the collagen network or increased glycation provoke a functional impairment of cartilage and joint function. (19) Nonenzymatic collagen cross linking leads abnormalities in bone toughness and stiffness. Bone plasticity is further suppressed by an increase of osteon density, which leads to a lower potency of crack bridging mechanics. (21)
Field	Medical / Pharmacy
Published In	Volume 16, Issue 4, October-December 2025
Published On	2025-10-03
DOI	https://doi.org/10.71097/IJSAT.v16.i4.8551
Short DOI	https://doi.org/g97s46

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