International Journal on Science and Technology

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Volume 16 Issue 4
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The Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis: A Comprehensive Review of Its Role in Mental Health, Therapeutic Interventions, and Future Research Directions

Author(s) Mr. M Bharath Bala
Country India
Abstract Abstract
The microbiome-gut-brain axis (MGBA) represents a complex, bidirectional communication system integrating neural, endocrine, immune, and metabolic pathways. Emerging evidence suggests that disruptions in gut microbial composition are closely associated with mental health disorders such as depression and anxiety, conditions that impose significant global health and economic burdens. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the mechanisms underlying MGBA communication, highlighting the roles of short-chain fatty acids, neurotransmitters, and immune mediators in shaping brain function. It further examines distinct microbial signatures identified in psychiatric disorders, emphasizing reduced microbial diversity and altered levels of key bacterial genera. Therapeutic approaches, including probiotics, psychobiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), and dietary modulation, are critically evaluated for their efficacy, limitations, and translational potential. While preclinical and some clinical findings are promising, controversies regarding causality versus correlation, methodological inconsistencies, and translational hurdles remain unresolved. The review proposes a future research roadmap emphasizing standardized methodologies, large-scale longitudinal human studies, and the integration of artificial intelligence with advanced sequencing technologies.
Keywords Microbiome-gut-brain axis, Mental health, Depression, Anxiety, Short-chain fatty acids, Probiotics, Fecal microbiota transplantation, Neuroinflammation
Field Medical / Pharmacy
Published In Volume 16, Issue 4, October-December 2025
Published On 2025-11-07
DOI https://doi.org/10.71097/IJSAT.v16.i4.9254
Short DOI https://doi.org/g99qkm
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