Evaluation of Homocysteine, D-dimer and Biochemical Parameters in Relation to Chronic Kidney Disease Stages among Patients Attending Specialist Hospitals in Enugu, Enugu State.

Linda Nnenna Ogbonna; Silas Anayo Ufelle; Cyril Okonkwo Ogbonna; Dickson Obinna Nwodo; Gatuwa Aglavdawa

doi:10.71097/IJSAT.v16.i4.9817

Evaluation of Homocysteine, D-dimer and Biochemical Parameters in Relation to Chronic Kidney Disease Stages among Patients Attending Specialist Hospitals in Enugu, Enugu State.

Author(s)	Linda Nnenna Ogbonna, Silas Anayo Ufelle, Cyril Okonkwo Ogbonna, Dickson Obinna Nwodo, Gatuwa Aglavdawa
Country	Nigeria
Abstract	Abstract Background of the study: Chronic kidney disease is a major health challenge ravaging the world due to its progressive irreversible effect. The related morbidity and mortality poses a great concern to developing countries like Nigeria owing to the clinically silent onset of the disease and the underlying co-morbidities. People with chronic kidney disease are predisposed to various biochemical and fibrinolytic alterations arising due to immune activation and endothelial dysfunction thereby exposing them to thrombotic events. Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate the homocysteine, D-dimer and biochemical parameters in relation to chronic kidney disease stages among patients attending specialist hospitals in Enugu, Enugu State. Methodology: The study adopted a cross sectional research design. A total of one hundred and eighty consented participants comprising of one hundred diagnosed chronic kidney disease patients and eighty apparently healthy age and sex matched controls within 18-65 years from Enugu State University Teaching Hospital, Parklane and University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu were recruited for this study. Ethical approval was obtained and demographic data were obtained using a well-structured questionnaire. Serum electrolyte was assayed using Exias biochemical autoanalyzer while urea and creatinine was determined using Cobas 111 autoanalyzer. Quantitative evaluation of homocysteine and D-dimer levels were done using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. Results: Kidney function and electrolytes test of people with chronic kidney disease showed a significant increase (p < 0.05) in urea (16.47±1.794 mmol/l) and creatinine (497.19±42.081 µmol/l) as compared to the controls (4.04±0.855 mmol/l) and (94.24±20.236 µmol/l) respectively. There was a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in sodium (133.44±15.652 mmol/l), chloride (100.44±6.321 mmol/l) and bicarbonate (22.16±2.638 mmol/l) as compared to the controls (139.41±4.371 mmol/l), (104.92±3.785 mmol/l) and (23.38±3.18 mmol/l) respectively. The logistic regression analysis of biochemical parameters with chronic kidney disease stages revealed urea and creatinine as the predictors of chronic kidney disease. Homocysteine levels were significantly increased (P < 0.05) among people with chronic kidney disease (18.20±3.64 µmol/l) as compared to the controls (8.85±2.96 µmol/l). It also revealed a significant systematic increase (P < 0.05) across chronic kidney disease stages 3 (17.14±3.14 µmol/l), stage 4 (17.24±3.18 µmol/l) and stage 5 (19.40±3.86 µmol/l) respectively. D-dimer levels was significantly increased (P < 0.05) among chronic kidney disease patients (10690.02±143.26 ng/ml) as compared to the controls (370.78±253.34 ng/ml). D-dimer also showed a significant progressive increase (P < 0.05) across the chronic kidney disease stages (1017.95±98.97ng/ml), (1063.59±197.85 ng/ml) and (1103.18±121.22 ng/ml) respectively. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that chronic kidney disease patients exhibit serious alterations in the electrolytes, urea, creatinine, homocysteine and D-dimer levels making them potential biomarkers of chronic kidney disease. Therefore, their investigations serves as competent measure of differential diagnosis.
Keywords	CKD Chronic Kidney Disease, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, ESRD end stage renal disease, HCy homocysteine
Field	Medical / Pharmacy
Published In	Volume 16, Issue 4, October-December 2025
Published On	2025-12-06
DOI	https://doi.org/10.71097/IJSAT.v16.i4.9817
Short DOI	https://doi.org/hbf83z

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Evaluation of Homocysteine, D-dimer and Biochemical Parameters in Relation to Chronic Kidney Disease Stages among Patients Attending Specialist Hospitals in Enugu, Enugu State.

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